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The outliner lets you see a list of all the objects in
the scene. No matter if they're hidden, templated, or anything at all
they will appear in the outliner.
Opening The Outliner
Opening it can't get any easier than going to window>outliner.
Using The Outliner
Now let's see how the outliner is helpful.
Set-up
Step one - Create a sphere.
Step two - Open the outliner by going to window>outliner.
Now select the sphere and go to display>hide>hide
selection. The sphere will now be hidden. But let's say we want to show
that sphere again. In the outliner, select the sphere. Normally we
wouldn't be able to select the sphere because it's hidden. Now go to
display>show>show selection. The sphere will now be visible again
in the view port. Since the outliner is so useful, whenever working
with scenes that have a lot of objects, try using the persp/outliner
panel view. To access this go to window>saved
layouts>persp/outliner.
Filtering Objects Shown In The Outliner
Okay - let's add a curve to this scene. Go to
create>NURBS primatives>circle. Now that we have created a NURB
curve, you can see it in the outliner. Let's say we only want to see
the NURB curve, not the cameras or the poly sphere that we already
have.
Step one - On the outliner menu, go to show>objects>NURBS
objects. Notice that the symbol changes in the outliner. Also now you
can only see your NURB curve in the outliner. 
Step two - To see the rest of the objects in the scene, go to, on the outliner menu set, show>objects>clear below.
Alphabetizing The Outliner
You can use the outliner to list the objects
alphabetially. On the outliner menu, go to display>sort
order>alphabetical within type.
Another way to reposition the objects in the outliner is to
middle mouse button drag them into the order that you want. Example;
You put the models that you'll be selecting frequently on top and the
less used ones on the bottom. Also, if you middle mouse button drag and
drop an object on top of another object, the object that you dragged
will become a child of the object that you dropped it on (this is the
same thing as using the parent command by selecting to two objects and
going to edit>parent.The last object you selected will be the parent
object).
Seeing All The Objects In The Scene
At the moment you may only think that you have a
curve, a sphere, and some cameras in your scene. But, in every Maya
scene there are countless amounts of nodes. Even if you never see them
or create them. To see these nodes, go to, on the outliner menu set,
display> and uncheck DAG objects only (DAG objects are objects that
have translation and can be seen in your view port). As you can see,
there are a lot of nodes in Maya that you never see.
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